Essay The Relationship Between Music and The Brain

The relationship between music and the brain has always intrigued me; why dose listening to music help ease certain task, things we do everyday like driving, leaning, relaxing or working out. I will analyze music and the effect on the brain, from health to physical and mental training. Music has been around sense the beginning of humans, evolving through by culture and time. Nowadays we have a broad selection of choice, and people prefer different genres for certain activities; for example listening to motivational music which is high tempo, inspiring lyrics, catchy melodies, and associated with a bright and up lifting sensation. I have found studies on the idea of using music could help during surgeries, athletics, and learning. Using†¦show more content†¦The music at 95 decibels triggered the brain to continue even though the heart rate was unaffected by the music. This means music is neurological, that there is a relationship between music and the brain. Listening to music while excessively working out could be dangerous, someone wouldn’t notice the need to stop and injure him or herself. Another study which was to determine if continuous background music could enhance the effects of monetary reinforcement showed that just music made the participants cycle for a few more minuets, and less then five more revolutions per minuet (Cohen). Listening to music can improve ones ambitions to working out. There have also been studies to show motivational music effected people differently based on their athletic skills, showing untrained participants did better compared to trained (Brownley 197). This shows music can also be a distraction to professional athletes. Listening to up beat music during ce rtain workouts can improve ones performance through the brain. The idea that music can enlighten ones mood can be traced to a man named Robert Burton who wrote in â€Å"Melancholy’s Anatomy† in 1632: â€Å"music is the more grateful and effective remedy for sadness, fear and mood disorders†. There was few research done tell 1899, the idea that music can be used for health grew due to â€Å"The Lancet†, who published an article by J.T.R Davison,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Discovering Further Links between Language and Music1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sum of its separate individuals. Music shares similar properties, as it is also transmitted and perceived through sound. Both have the potential to connect people and are innate properties of the human being. The aim of this paper is to discover further links between the two based on empirical evidence. The main sources that will be consulted are articles produced by Dr. Aniruddh Patel, a pioneer in the field of music psychology, with works ranging from music cognition to rhythm perception. TheRead MoreMusic And Perceptions And Emotional Responses1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthat music education in schools is a waste of time and resources, research has found that musical training can improve various cognitive processes and skills, such as the development of language, reasoning, pattern recognition, and memory. These skills can translate into other school subjects as well. This paper explores the relationship between music and perceptions and emotional responses, and also examines the cognitive benefits of musical training. In order to understand the relationship betweenRead MoreMusic : An Explosive Expression Of Humanity1748 Words   |  7 PagesBilly Joel once said, â€Å"I think music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† In many ways this quote is very accurate both socially and scientifically. Music is a vital part of almost every culture and serves many purposes culturally as a means of self expression and communication within a culture and the world at large. While music does serve several external purposes, perhapsRead MoreEssay on Baby DJ School898 Words   |  4 Pagessamples of recorded music to make music†. The educational experience of Baby DJ School is a portal into the wonderful worlds of electro, hip-hop, and house music. Baby DJ school originated in Brooklyn, New York and was opened by Natalie Elizabeth Weiss, DJ, composer and playwright. She opened th e school in order to â€Å"attribute gross and fine motor skills, spatial reasoning, and language skills and foster a special bond between caretaker and baby.† The school provides an interactive music program for toddlersRead MoreMusic Education And Emotional Intelligence1607 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of music while performing, the physical and abstract. While the technical requirements of such an endeavor can be aided through direct musical instruction, in earlier stages of musical growth the emotional demands require guidance by a teacher and self-exploration from the participant. Once success in this area becomes apparent, musical benefits emerge and the journey the individual undertook also helps shape their emotional intelligence. By answering the question of how music education affectsRead MoreThe Healing Power of Music Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn definition, music therapy is, â€Å"the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish ind ividualized goals† (American Music Therapy). Music has been an element of the human psyche since early ancestors fell asleep to the rhythmic sounds of waves lapping against the shore and awoke to singing birds at daybreak. Theories on music therapy trace back to ancient Egypt where it was called the â€Å"physic of soul† in other words, a healing power (Podolsky). It gained resurgence during WorldRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Music And Its Impact On Our Lives1712 Words   |  7 Pagesof music at any given time of day thanks to modern technology advances. In this paper, I will be highlighting the psychological effects of music, and its impact on one’s emotions because music is a separate channel of communication that affecting emotions in significant ways (Hargreaves, Mitchell MacDonald, 2012). Music provides the benefit of releasing endorphin hormones that give confidence, good mental strength, good mood, and increase in well-being and overall happiness . Moreover music canRead MoreRationale for Integrating the Arts1272 Words   |  6 Pagesby McCarthy and the suggested sequence of instruction teach both right-and left-brain processing techniques, ensuring that we are teaching the whole brain. We often hear statements that learners are either right or left-brain oriented. Even though one side may be dominant, both sides are actually vital to learning. Integrating the arts into the curriculum provides endless opportunities to engage both sides of the brain. The arts enhance the process of learning. The systems they nurture, includingRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Music Education1002 Words   |  5 Pagesit is shown to increase brain activity and increase IQ levels. Despite contradictory views of begging children wanting to play outside instead of practice violin music is proven to make you smarter. When a child particularly at a young age learns how to play an instrument preferably in a social setting is provides the brain of th at child with extra dopamine, new neurological connections, better behavior, and higher test scores. Schools are turning to new programs to aid music education and there areRead MoreMusic Can Help Us Boost Our Abilities And Concentration1096 Words   |  5 PagesMusic can help us boost our abilities and concentration. In this article we have chosen 8 most important questions how music affects brain. Image Credit 1. Can music make us happier? Music is as much expressive as normal human language. Since music carries much more powerful emotional charge than the real-life events, modern psychologists use it for the therapy. It can be explained by positive impact on the human nervous system. Emotions that rise during the process of listening to the music

Physician Assisted Suicide An Argument Of Semantics And...

Physician-Assisted Suicide: An Argument of Semantics and Hypotheticals Jacqueline Aragon Drexel University Physician-Assisted Suicide: An Argument of Semantics and Hypotheticals Physician-assisted suicide is a prominent topic of discussion in the bioethical community. The main concerns of these discussions are the different types of euthanasia involved in physician-assisted suicide, as well as the legality of a physician’s right to aid in the death of a patient, and the patient’s right to choose death over life when there are no active treatments to forgo. The legalization of active physician-assisted suicide would coincide with a person’s right to self-determination, or autonomy, as well as a person’s right to their own well-being. However, there is concern that legalization would lead to abuse, and would also cause patients to feel pressured into choosing death. The arguments against active physician-assisted suicide are rooted more in hypothetical situation than fact and could be seen as blanket statements rather than cohesive thought. This topic has been u nnecessarily broken down and analyzed to the point of exhaustion. After implementing specific guidelines for physicians to follow, the legalization of physician-assisted suicide would be plausible, ethical, and safe. What Is Euthanasia? Physician-assisted suicide is when a patient takes his or her own life with the aid of a physician. This could involve a physician prescribing lethal doses of aShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCan only God decide when a person’s life should end? 10. What values has the doctor set for himself in his own personal code of behavior? 11. Can society afford to let anybody end his or her life whenever he or she desires? 12. Can society allow suicide or mercy killing and still protect the lives of individuals who want to live? From the list of questions above, select the four most important: _______ _______ _______ _______ Most important Second most important Third most important Fourth mostRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages45 The raters consistently gave that person higher performance ratings. In this case, it may be that disabled individuals were being treated as an outgroup in need of special help. Similarly, when disability status is randomly manipulated among hypothetical candidates, disabled individuals are rated as having superior personal qualities like dependability and potency.46 Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity The last set of biographical characteristics

Types of Economic Activity Free Essays

Types of economic activities 1. Primary industry * First stage in the production process * Major employer in poor countries * Involves the exploitation of natural resources * Includes activities such as agriculture, mining, fishing and forestry * Products are of low economic value * Products are either food for human consumption (e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Economic Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now fish) or raw materials for other economic activities (e. g. rubber for the tyre industry) 2. Secondary industry * Second stage in the production process * Also called the manufacturing industry Involves processing raw materials from the primary industry to add value to them * Products are of higher economic value than those of the primary industry * Output is either a final product (e. g. computer) or a part of the final product (e. g. microchip for the computer) 3. Tertiary industry * Involves the provision of services to companies or final consumers * Includes the financial services, health care, education and tourism sectors * Contributes more to the economy as a country becomes more developed * People are the main resource * Output is of high economic value Economic development in the Caribbean The capital city is usually the single prosperous core while the hinterlands are less prosperous * Large and successful industries tend to be located in and around the capital * The rural areas will have fewer and less successful or even declining industries * Governments have set up industrial estates in poorer areas to reduce the income disparity * Disparities in economic wealth between Caribbean countries have made integration difficult * Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) is a small group formed within the CARICOM to help with the economic development of member states Measuring economic development . Gross Domestic Product (GDP) * Total market value of goods and services generated within a country over a given period 2. Gross National Product (GNP) * Total market value of goods and services generated by a country’s citizens, both domestically and overseas, during a given period Primary industry: Forestry * The art, science and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources * Guyana and Belize have significant forestry industries * Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, St Lucia and St Vincent also have substantial forest resources * Jamaica, Barbados and Haiti have almost epleted their forest resources Tertiary industry: Tourism * Provision of services to people who travel to and stay in places away from their place of residence for leisure purposes or otherwise * Generates income for a country through the sale of domestic goods and services to tourists and the employment of its people in tourism-related businesses * Major contributor to GDP * Accounts for more than 60% of the GDP in countries such as the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, and the Netherlands Antilles Earns 90% of the foreign exchange for some countries Major tourist destinations in the Caribbean (2005) Destination | Total tourist arrivals | Destination | Total tourist arrivals| Anguilla| 62,084| Grenada| 98,244| Antigua Barbuda| 245,384| Guyana| 116,596| Aruba| 732,514| Jamaica| 1,478,663| Bahamas| 1,514,532| Martinique| 474,126| Barbados| 547,534| Montserrat| 9,690| Bermuda| 269,576| Puerto Rico| 1,449,785| British Virgin Islands| 337,135| St. Lucia| 317,939| Cayman Islands| 167,801| St. Vincent Grenadines| 95,505| Cuba| 2,319,334| Suriname| 144,899| Curacao| 222,070| Trinidad Tobago| 460,195| Dominican Republic| 3,690,692| US Virgin Islands| 697,033| Case study: Tourism industry in Jamaica Jamaica has a strong global presence * The country is noted for its excellent beaches such as Negril and Doctor’s Cave in Montego Bay. * It is also known for the Dunn’s River Falls, YS Falls, river rafting on the Rio Grande, cliff jumping at Rick’s Cafe and many other attractions. * Tourism earns the country up to US$970 million a year in foreign exchange * The industry is well developed compared to other Caribbean countries. Activities occur both day and night throughout the year with something to interest everyone. Physical factors influencing the tourism industry in Jamaica 1. Climate Warm and sunny throughout the year * Attracts people from cool temperate regions such as the northern parts of the US * Tourists can enjoy the beaches all year round 2. Natural resources * White sandy beaches * Clear seas rich with marine life * Beautiful scenery (e. g. Blue Mountains) * Lush vegetation * Wide variety of flora and fauna 3. Proximity to markets * Near to Canada, the US and Europe, which are where the bulk of the tourists come from * Travel to Jamaica is relatively cost-effective and time-efficient for t hese tourists Human factors influencing the tourism industry in Jamaica How to cite Types of Economic Activity, Papers

Alcohol and nutrition Essay Example For Students

Alcohol and nutrition Essay Alcohol and nutrition Essay Nutrition is a course that has two purposes: to provide energy and to maintain body structure and function. Food supplies energy and provides the building blocks needed to replace worn or damaged cells and the nutritional components needed for body function. Alcoholics often eat poorly, limiting their supply of essential nutrients and affecting both energy supply and structure maintenance. Once ingested, food must be digested so it is available for energy and maintenance of body structure and function. Alcohol inhibits the breakdown of nutrients into usable molecules by decreasing secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. Alcohol impairs nutrient absorption by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines and disabling transport of some nutrients into the blood. In addition, nutritional deficiencies themselves may lead to further absorption problems. For example, foliate deficiency alters the cells lining the small intestine, which in turn impairs absorption of water and nutrients including glucose, sodium, and additional foliate. Even if nutrients are digested and absorbed, alcohol can prevent them from being fully utilized by altering their transport, storage, and excretion. Decreased liver stores of vitamins such as vitamin A and increased excretion of nutrients such as fat, indicate impaired utilization of nutrients by alcoholics. The three basic nutritional components found in foodcarbohydrates, proteins, and fatsare used as energy after being converted to simpler products. Some alcoholics ingest as much as 50 percent of their total daily calories from alcohol, often neglecting important foods. Even when food intake is adequate, alcohol can damage the mechanisms by which the body controls blood glucose levels, resulting in either increased or decreased blood glucose (glucose is the bodys principal sugar. As a result, alcohol causes the brain and other body tissue to be deprived of glucose needed for energy and function. Although alcohol is an energy source, how the body processes and uses the energy from alcohol is more complex than can be explained by a simple calorie conversion value. For example, alcohol provides an average of 20 percent of the calories in the diet of the upper third of drinking Americans, and we might expect many drinkers who consume such amounts to be obese. Instead, national data indicate that, despite higher caloric intake, drinkers are no more obese than nondrinkers. We will write a custom essay on Alcohol and nutrition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also, when alcohol is substituted for carbohydrates, calorie for calorie, subjects tend to lose weight, indicating that they derive less energy from alcohol than from food Nutrients are essential for proper body function; proteins, vitamins, and minerals provide the tools that the body needs to perform properly. Alcohol can disrupt body function by causing nutrient deficiencies and by usurping the machinery needed to metabolize nutrients. Vitamins are essential to maintaining growth and normal metabolism because they regulate many physiological processes. Chronic heavy drinking is associated with deficiencies in many vitamins because of decreased food ingestion and, in some cases, impaired absorption, metabolism, and utilization. For example, alcohol inhibits fat absorption and thereby impairs absorption of the vitamins A, E, and D that are normally absorbed along with dietary fats. Vitamin A deficiency can be associated with night blindness, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with softening of the bones. Deficiencies of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc are common in alcoholics, although alcohol itself does not seem to affect the absorption of these minerals. Deficiencies seem to happen secondary to other alcohol-related problems, decreased calcium absorption due to fat absorption; magnesium deficiency due to decreased intake, increased urinary excretion, vomiting, and diarrhea iron deficiency related to gastrointestinal bleeding; and zinc absorption or losses related to other nutrient deficiencies. Mineral deficiencies can cause a variety of medical consequences from calcium-related bone disease to zinc-related night blindness and skin lesions. . alcohol and nutrition Essay Example For Students alcohol and nutrition Essay alcohol and nutrition Essay Nutrition is a course that has two purposes: to provide energy and to maintain body structure and function. Food supplies energy and provides the building blocks needed to replace worn or damaged cells and the nutritional components needed for body function. Alcoholics often eat poorly, limiting their supply of essential nutrients and affecting both energy supply and structure maintenance. Once ingested, food must be digested so it is available for energy and maintenance of body structure and function. Alcohol inhibits the breakdown of nutrients into usable molecules by decreasing secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. Alcohol impairs nutrient absorption by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines and disabling transport of some nutrients into the blood. In addition, nutritional deficiencies themselves may lead to further absorption problems. For example, foliate deficiency alters the cells lining the small intestine, which in turn impairs absorption of water and nutrients including glucose, sodium, and additional foliate. Even if nutrients are digested and absorbed, alcohol can prevent them from being fully utilized by altering their transport, storage, and excretion. Decreased liver stores of vitamins such as vitamin A and increased excretion of nutrients such as fat, indicate impaired utilization of nutrients by alcoholics. The three basic nutritional components found in foodcarbohydrates, proteins, and fatsare used as energy after being converted to simpler products. Some alcoholics ingest as much as 50 percent of their total daily calories from alcohol, often neglecting important foods. Even when food intake is adequate, alcohol can damage the mechanisms by which the body controls blood glucose levels, resulting in either increased or decreased blood glucose (glucose is the bodys principal sugar. As a result, alcohol causes the brain and other body tissue to be deprived of glucose needed for energy and function. Although alcohol is an energy source, how the body processes and uses the energy from alcohol is more complex than can be explained by a simple calorie conversion value. For example, alcohol provides an average of 20 percent of the calories in the diet of the upper third of drinking Americans, and we might expect many drinkers who consume such amounts to be obese. Instead, national data indicate that, despite higher caloric intake, drinkers are no more obese than nondrinkers. We will write a custom essay on alcohol and nutrition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also, when alcohol is substituted for carbohydrates, calorie for calorie, subjects tend to lose weight, indicating that they derive less energy from alcohol than from food Nutrients are essential for proper body function; proteins, vitamins, and minerals provide the tools that the body needs to perform properly. Alcohol can disrupt body function by causing nutrient deficiencies and by usurping the machinery needed to metabolize nutrients. Vitamins are essential to maintaining growth and normal metabolism because they regulate many physiological processes. Chronic heavy drinking is associated with deficiencies in many vitamins because of decreased food ingestion and, in some cases, impaired absorption, metabolism, and utilization. For example, alcohol inhibits fat absorption and thereby impairs absorption of the vitamins A, E, and D that are normally absorbed along with dietary fats. Vitamin A deficiency can be associated with night blindness, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with softening of the bones. Deficiencies of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc are common in alcoholics, although alcohol itself does not seem to affect the absorption of these minerals. Deficiencies seem to happen secondary to other alcohol-related problems, decreased calcium absorption due to fat absorption; magnesium deficiency due to decreased intake, increased urinary excretion, vomiting, and diarrhea iron deficiency related to gastrointestinal bleeding; and zinc absorption or losses related to other nutrient deficiencies. Mineral deficiencies can cause a variety of medical consequences from calcium-related bone disease to zinc-related night blindness and skin lesions. .

Recreative writing and discussion on The Woman Who Walked into Doors Essay Example

Recreative writing and discussion on The Woman Who Walked into Doors Essay Charlo bought him a bike for his thirteenth. I say bought. I have no idea where it came from, the money for it or the thing itself, nearly new as well. I nearly made the mistake of asking, I nearly screamed, the stuff we could have bought with that money. Nicola had never had a present like that, still hasnt. Neither have the other two. But I didnt ask.- Aw, da! Thats brilliant!- I know, Charlo said.- Where did it, I mean where did yer Well see that it doesnt end up in the canal. Or at the scrappys.- It wont I promise, Jesus its great!Funny how he knew it was his dad that got him it. He didnt even look at me. It was a nice bike, blue with no rust. One of the brakes squeaked but it only meant that you could hear him coming.After that hed disappear every day after school. His tea always got cold until I stopped cooking it. That bike took him to other worlds. Who knew there were other worlds a couple of streets away? Other worlds you could get to on a bike. I lost him. Thats two kids I ve lost then. Two kids hes lost me. When he did come back he would always have something new to show off, in that way of his. Showing it off by not showing it off. Walking in and up the stairs without saying anything, so that Leanne and Jack would have to ask to find out.- Whered yer get that black eye?- Did the other fella come off worse?- Whered yer get that magazine?- Eeeh! Whys she got no clothes on?- Wheres all yer hair gone?- Did yer have the nits?I never knew if the other fellas came off worse, but I was pretty sure you didnt have to have the nits to become a skinhead.313 wordsCommentaryMy recreative writing attempts to explain the character of John Paul Spencer. I based this extract on the quotation: My John Paul was a little angel until about three days after his thirteenth birthday.I chose to think laterally to explain this change in John Paul, as I felt that if Doyle had furthered his writing on this issue, the change would have been brought about by a physical catalyst ( the bicycle) rather than the obvious emotional changes associated with a teenage boy.In order to replicate the form of The Woman Who Walked into Doors, I would choose to place this extract close to the end of the novel, before Charlos exit, so that it is still in the readers mind when John Paul protests about Paulas treatment of Charlo. Doyle has structured the novel in a way that shows the events of Paulas life, building up tensions between characters, and sympathy for Paula, ending with the climax of the role reversal. At the time of John Pauls thirteenth birthday, Paula has been married to Charlo for fifteen years, and has subsequently sustained a decade and a half of abuse. This explains Paulas resigned attitude a result of the abuse sustained, and the lack of power she wields within her marriage. Paula seems weary, and although the implications of the gift upset her, she has learned not to ask questions: I nearly made the mistake of asking, I nearly screamed, the stuff we coul d have bought with that money But I didnt ask. This is reminiscent of Chapter 28, when Charlo burns a wad of money and Paula imagines the possibilities it held.Throughout The Woman Who Walked into Doors, there is a sense of apologia; this is replicated in my piece in Paulas confession of her helplessness over the loss of John Paul. Paula is attempting to come to terms with these feelings, and feels partly responsible for this. The reader is encouraged to pity Paula because of the way she is represented as a victim, however, the reader could also feel contempt for Paula because of her failure to face up to Charlo, or act on the fact that she holds him responsible for the loss of two of her children.I structured the recreative piece in a way as close to Doyles writing style as I could get. I used short sentences with very little description, as well as ominous comments that are not fully explained, from which the reader can make inferences, but not receive any clear message.The senten ces are mainly simple in structure; they flow like speech, but still seem disjointed, and are split up using only the most basic punctuation: After that hed disappear every day after school. His tea always got cold until I stopped cooking it. That bike took him to other worlds.I also attempted to show Paulas insecurities about facing up to her problems. This is evident in the first paragraph, when through remembering and analysing the incident, she has reminded herself that John Paul loved his father more: Funny how he knew it was his dad that got him it. He didnt even look at me. It was a nice bike, blue with no rust. Paula tries to deflect interest away from this realisation switching to a description of the bike.I demonstrated the ominous quality Paulas voice through her mention of the baby she lost, comparing it with the sense of loss she feels for John Paul. Thats two kids Ive lost then. Two kids hes lost me. Paula also articulates that she holds Charlo responsible for the los s of two of her children. We know that Charlo is at least partly to blame for the rift between Paula and John Paul, as he felt that Paula was coming between himself and his son, and subsequently beat her for it. For this reason, Paula stands back slightly from John Pauls life, and they begin to drift apart. I showed Charlo as being responsible for this: by acquiring the bike for John Paul, he provides him with a ticket away from his mother. The irony is that in becoming gradually more distant from his family, John Paul actually becomes more like his father.Paula blames Charlo for the miscarriage of her baby in a much more obvious way than this: Born too early; born by a fist. However Paula is different from other literary characters that have experienced loss, in that Paula does not show any hatred towards Charlo: she exhibits very little resentment. For this reason, once Paula had alluded to the fact she holds Charlo responsible for both incidents, she moves swiftly on: Two kids he s lost me. When he did come backA part of the novel that was of particular use was Chapter 9, page 38. I referred to this when writing the section about Leanne and Jacks questions, I referred to Chapter 9, page 38:- Fuck off.- Fuck off, yourself.- Fuck off.Day in, Day out.- Get your fuckin hands off me.- Do your own fuckin homework.This section was useful because of the nature of the remarks; they are not attributed to any person in particular, this adds impact, and increases involvement, as the reader speculates over to whom each remark belonged.Leanne and Jack would have to ask to find out.- Whered yer get that black eye?- Did the other fella come off worse?- Whered yer get that magazine?- Eeeh! Whys she got no clothes on?- Wheres all yer hair gone?- Did yer have the nits?I replicated this in the above section of direct speech, where Paula mentions that Leanne and Jack asked questions about John Pauls new life, but only hints that these are the questions asked.1,004 words (excludi ng quotations)

Free Essays on Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of human social activity. In the effort to study human social activity sociologists break it down into objects of analysis. Sociological Theories One of the sociological theories is conflict theory. The conflict theory deals with people’s level on wealth, or class. The conflict theory says that social change is beneficial, contrary to focuses on social order. In the story of the woman and her children, the conflict theory plays a big role on the situation. Police of higher class are threatening the homeless woman. The conflict theory is a constant struggle of people of higher class over powering people of lower class, or the weaker. The police are trying to over power the woman by telling her to leave. Even though the woman and her children were doing nothing wrong, the police used their power to tell her to leave. Also the people of the area showed their conflict theory by telling the police officers to come. They must have felt embarrassed to have a woman of such lower class to be around them. They used their power of class to have the woman removed from their community. The woman wants to be there because she has no home and it is a good community to be in, but the people look at it as an embarrassment to them because it makes their area look bad for someone of such lower class to be around them. The conflict theory is unique to all other theories because it separates people into categories determined by their wealth and standards. Their status is the element that categorizes them, weather it is class, race, or gender. The conflict theory do not always use class, race, and gender all at once. In this situation race and gender is not a main issue, although gender could be a reason, but it would fall under the feminist theory. This story is mainly dealing with class. Through all this conflict the woman feels over powered and dominated because she is not welcome there because of her wealth standards,... Free Essays on Sociology Free Essays on Sociology Sociology The functionalist perspective is a very important part of sociology. Founded by Emile Durkheim, functionalism is thought of as, â€Å"society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival† (Schaefer, pg. 10). Another way to understand functionalism is to look at some of the simple ways and ideas of the theory. One of the ways to see functionalism is to understand that this theory of sociology looks at facts overtime or certain things in society like crime, sports, race, etc. and examines what the world would be like if one of these aspects were to disappear. Functionalism deals with slow change, progress, and the social equilibrium. Emile Durkheim, the founder of functionalism, was born in 1858 and was the son of a rabbi. Durkheim studied in both France and Germany, in which later in his life became the first French professor of sociology. The most well known work of Durkheim was done around 1897 and dealt with suicide and society, which resulted in his book Suicide. The book looked at suicide in society and stated that society was the main factor of people committing suicide. Some of Durkheim’s research involved looking at facts like why men were more likely to commit suicide, why soldiers were more likely then citizens, or single people more likely then married people. Durkheim asked questions like, why do some people kill themselves and others don’t? Durkheim came up with two different types of suicide, altrustic and anomic. Altrustic is giving up your life for something that you believe in. An example would be a soldier fighting for his country or the way that Jesus gave up his life fo r mankind. Another example would be a cult. Altrustic suicide is any suicide that a person would commit out of the act of love. Anomic is different from altrustic because these people that commit suicide feel disconnected with society and feel that killing themselves is the only... Free Essays on Sociology Sociology is a social science that makes sense of human behavior and human nature by looking at societies and social relationships (Curra 56). There are many different ways to look at sociology; we can look at human behavior in its habitat or human behavior with other humans. We are social beings in the society we live in, we follow social meanings, and we are social actors which change our realities of everyday life. Social meaning is a product which is assigned by members of a group. People make what we know to be meaning. Meaning doesn’t exist out there by itself; we as a group of people give things meaning. Would we as babies know what is right and wrong? No, we are taught those things as we age. Also there are different meanings to things in different societies. If we go to the east people sit on the floor, but in the west it wouldn’t be considered appropriate. This is because meanings have more then one way of looking at it; the people who give the meaning may have different views. This is very significant because we as people don’t understand these rules have not existed out there, they were created by us. We follow these rules because we live in civilization where these meanings have been created. A child like Isabelle, who was discovered in November 1938, she was, isolated most of her life. She was forced to live in isolation because of the embarrassment it caused her grandparents. Isabelle spent most of her time with her mother, who was deaf and mute. So this means Isabelle didn’t get a chance to hear or talk to anyone. Therefore she didn’t learn how to communicate. But, when she did communicate it was a form of body expressions. When she was discovered she acted like a wild person, because she feared them. When she was discovered her caretakers started to acquaint her with the social world. This would involve her to learn the rules of society, which she had no clue of before because of the isolation. This sh... Free Essays on Sociology During this semester, we have covered many articles. After reading â€Å"The code of the streets†, by Elijah Anderson, I realized what the inner city is really about. Anderson’s views on the code of the streets were strictly about how to survive as far as protecting your self and providing for your self. He breaks it down into two groups and then compares the two groups how society views us African Americans. The two groups were the â€Å"decent† and â€Å"street’ families. The decent families have an average job, take care of their family and are some what educated. Many of them go to church and play a major part in their children’s schooling. They teach their children no to get involved in violence and they are strict. On the other hand, the street families are the total opposite. They are drug users and they are prone to violence. Anderson shows that some of the reasons for a lot of these problems originate from their environment. If y ou grow up or live around a drug infested neighborhood, then most likely you will result to drugs. In the community, due to lack of jobs, and employment discrimination, a lot of people turn to violence and Anderson is trying to let mainstream know that they need to know the code of the streets. Another article we read was William Julius Wilson’s article, â€Å"When work disappears†. Wilson talks about how the employment woes. Jobs are widely available, but due to race and lack of individual initiative, jobs are limited. Jobbing is so ridiculous, that adults in many inner city neighborhoods are not working in a typical week. â€Å"Joblessness triggers other neighborhood problems that undermine social organization, ranging from crime, gang violence, and drug trafficking to family breakups†, says Wilson. It seems that you can’t get a job because of your race or your background. People are so fed up with it, they move out but that causes problems for other residents. When a lot of peo... Free Essays on Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human social activity. In the effort to study human social activity sociologists break it down into objects of analysis. Sociological Theories One of the sociological theories is conflict theory. The conflict theory deals with people’s level on wealth, or class. The conflict theory says that social change is beneficial, contrary to focuses on social order. In the story of the woman and her children, the conflict theory plays a big role on the situation. Police of higher class are threatening the homeless woman. The conflict theory is a constant struggle of people of higher class over powering people of lower class, or the weaker. The police are trying to over power the woman by telling her to leave. Even though the woman and her children were doing nothing wrong, the police used their power to tell her to leave. Also the people of the area showed their conflict theory by telling the police officers to come. They must have felt embarrassed to have a woman of such lower class to be around them. They used their power of class to have the woman removed from their community. The woman wants to be there because she has no home and it is a good community to be in, but the people look at it as an embarrassment to them because it makes their area look bad for someone of such lower class to be around them. The conflict theory is unique to all other theories because it separates people into categories determined by their wealth and standards. Their status is the element that categorizes them, weather it is class, race, or gender. The conflict theory do not always use class, race, and gender all at once. In this situation race and gender is not a main issue, although gender could be a reason, but it would fall under the feminist theory. This story is mainly dealing with class. Through all this conflict the woman feels over powered and dominated because she is not welcome there because of her wealth standards,... Free Essays on Sociology Voting today has turned into a big conflict. Between trying to get the young people to vote, and all the absentee ballots that certain states are having. I certainly do believe that voting is important to do at a young age, or at any age. For the youth of the nation to vote, the leaders of today are going to need to get out there and pressure them to vote. There are many problems today that arise with voting and the young voting. I believe that if I could understand everything a little bit better than I would be more likely to vote. Many problems arise today with voting itself. First of all when the youth look at the ballots today they don’t understand what they are voting for and what to already know. From this I believe that is where all our absentee ballots are coming from. The leaders of today need to get out there and explain to the youth what exactly they are voting for and what they need to know to vote today. Instead of just telling them to vote, they need to explain this in a =n easy and understanding way. Explain what the amendments are for, and who they should vote for in congress and the supreme court as well. The youth today doesn’t get into to voting for two good reasons. First of all, they aren’t shown any reason to vote seeing that the leaders of today don’t get out there and bring themselves down to our level. The second reason is that they don’t understand what’s on the ballots in the first place. If the people running would bring themselves to a concert or a sports game and talked to the young, they would become more appealing. Also they need to sit down and find ways for the young to understand what exactly they are voting for. They need to explain what each amendment is for and who each of the people on congress and the supreme court are. Also the sheriffs also need to reach out to the youth also. When I look at voting myself, these are all the reasons I might not have wanted to vote. Not very man... Free Essays on Sociology Sociology is a sense of human behavior and human nature by looking at societies and social relationships. There are many different ways to look at sociology; we can look at human behavior in its habitat or human behavior with other humans. We are social beings in the society we live in, we follow social meanings, and we are social actors which change our realities of everyday life. Social meaning is a product of which is assigned by members of a group. People make what we know what is meaning. Meaning doesn’t exist out there by itself; we as a group of people give things meaning. Would we as babies know what is right and wrong, no we are taught those things as we age. Also there are different meanings in different societies. If we go to the east people sit on the floor, but in the west it wouldn’t be considered appropriate. This is because meanings have more then one way of looking at it; people who give the meaning may have different views. This is very significant because we as people don’t understand these rules have not existed out there, they were created by us. We follow these rules because we live in this society where these meanings have been created. A child like Isabelle, who was discovered in November 1938, she was, isolated most of her life. She was forced to live in isolations because of the embarrassment it caused her grandparents. Isabelle spent most of her time with her mother, who was deaf and mute. So this means Isabelle didn’t get a chance to hear or talk to anyone. Therefore she didn’t learn how to communicate. But, when she did communicate it was a form of body expressions. When she was discovered she acted like a wild person, because she feared them. When she was discovered her caretakers started to acquaint her with the social world. This would involve her learning the meanings of the social society, which she had no clue of before because of the isolation. This shows how humans are trained to ac... Free Essays on Sociology The Ego And Rational Thought The seemingly paradoxical roles of ego and rational thought can be seen as both opposing functions, and complementary functions, both ultimately of equal importance, and both necessary for the formation of a balanced human being. The ego can be seen as the primal garden. It contains within it the seeds for rational thought and the grounds from which rational thought may proceed. Rational thought itself, therefore, is the fruit born of ego. Only after the ego has brought forth the existence of rational thought can the next process occur - the formation of the concept of self-realization. Although identifying the motivational force behind behavior has been micro-philosophized for thousands of years, with various schools of philosophy arguing about what, exactly, motivates the human being to action - egoism to please self, or altruism to please others being primary arguments - the actual underlying motivation for ethical conduct continues to be the same motivation observed by the Ancients. Aristotle observed that love begets love, that the good coming from a person begins first with a core of self-love which is then extended outward. Intertwined within all of the actions, he observed, is a desired state of happiness as opposed to a state of pain. In acting virtuously, one experiences a sense of happiness. Although the term egoism has developed distasteful flavors over the centuries, ego remains the primal garden that can then be tended by the conscious thought. Ego, even in its most primitive stage, knows well the opposing concepts of pain and pleasure. They are simple concepts to understand. Like a finely balanced scale with neither tray holding a disproportionate share of motivational fuel, the ego provides first a form of science of in which it perceives a need to preserve itself. It provides functions and maneuvers that are not necessarily in need of conscious thought. After this stage, the r... Free Essays on Sociology The information learned in this class has helped me a lot, and probably will continue to help me throughout my life. I learned a lot of things.  · about cultural diversity, and that people of the Arapesh are gentle, warm, receptive, non-aggressive, contended, and trusting people  · again about cultural diversity, the Mundugumor are an aggressive group of people, men and women are violent, competitive, and jealous.  · a lot about subcultures, there is a subculture called â€Å"straight-edge† that condone a sex, drug, and alcohol free lifestyle  · in comparison to subculture, a counterculture is something that goes against regular culture (for example, anarchists and punks)  · each society and culture creates its own mores, values, norms, traditions, and taboos, and the rules for â€Å"breaking† those  · about socialization and the effects of isolation (Anna, Isabelle, and Genie from Ch. 5)  · parental characteristics such as level of education, religious orientation, economic status, cultural heritage and occupational background can influence a child’s personality  · many of our aptitudes result from inherited qualities or from a combination of hereditary and environment  · that adolescence is a group on its own, in the social level due to working laws, education, and the juvenile justice system  · a lot about social stratification (the ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards) and the effect it has on prejudism, racism, ageism, and sexism  · when I was studying for a test a few chapters ago, I learned a lot about the social structures and characteristics of animals, with help from my sister. Kait is a Vegan, and was explaining to me who a â€Å"chicken farm† works. The average wingspan of a chicken is 32 inches, but they are kept in cages that are only 16 inches, often times several are put into one cage, as many as physics will allow. Since they ... Free Essays on Sociology Sociology is a sense of human behavior and human nature by looking at societies and social relationships. There are many different ways to look at sociology; we can look at human behavior in its habitat or human behavior with other humans. We are social beings in the society we live in, we follow social meanings, and we are social actors which change our realities of everyday life. Social meaning is a product of which is assigned by members of a group. People make what we know what is meaning. Meaning doesn’t exist out there by itself; we as a group of people give things meaning. Would we as babies know what is right and wrong, no we are taught those things as we age. Also there are different meanings in different societies. If we go to the east people sit on the floor, but in the west it wouldn’t be considered appropriate. This is because meanings have more then one way of looking at it; people who give the meaning may have different views. This is very significant because we as people don’t understand these rules have not existed out there, they were created by us. We follow these rules because we live in this society where these meanings have been created. A child like Isabelle, who was discovered in November 1938, she was, isolated most of her life. She was forced to live in isolations because of the embarrassment it caused her grandparents. Isabelle spent most of her time with her mother, who was deaf and mute. So this means Isabelle didn’t get a chance to hear or talk to anyone. Therefore she didn’t learn how to communicate. But, when she did communicate it was a form of body expressions. When she was discovered she acted like a wild person, because she feared them. When she was discovered her caretakers started to acquaint her with the social world. This would involve her learning the meanings of the social society, which she had no clue of before because of the isolation. This shows how humans are trained to ac...

Advertising is a Marketing Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising is a Marketing Tool - Essay Example Advertising campaigns are prepared with a specific intention in mind. They target specific products or the overall product attributes of an enterprise. Wendy’s has prepared advertising campaigns to highlight the fast service of its carry out window order service with the added message that is open after midnight. The use of publicity is much different than advertising. The purpose of creating publicity is to raise awareness about the company as a whole. An unwritten rule about publicity is that any publicity either positive or negative is good for the company because it gets the name of the company out in the conscious of the customers. Sometimes companies create stunts to create publicity in an unethical manner. For instance a CEO might go on public television on a rampage burning the competitor’s products and services in order to create a media reaction. These types of publicity stunts should not be used since they hurt the integrity of the marketing profession. 2. In your response you mentioned a lot of differences between advertising and publicity. I like your response a lot. One of the differences between the two concepts is the planning associated with each of them. Advertising requires a systematic plan that requires a specific budget, timeline, and other variables. On the other hand publicity a lot of times occurs as a spur of the moment event. For instance if a company wins an award from a recognize magazine for best customer service within its industry this occurrence will create publicity for the firm. The company did not plan for the publicity. 3. participation article In the article Marketing Ethics in Emerging Markets – Coping with Ethical Dilemmas the author mentions some cases concerning lack of marketing ethics including the Nestle occurrence in India. Nestle took advantage of the ignorance of portions of the Indian population to launch a fear campaign in order to persuade people to switch from tap water to the bottle water the company was launching. To me this type of behavior is unacceptable. Corporations should try to educate the local population in emerging economies to make the customers more aware of the virtues of acquiring consumer products. Corporations should not use disinformation to confuse the consumers in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage. Sele, K. (2006, March). Marketing ethics in emerging markets -- Coping with ethical dilemmas. IIMB Management Review, 18(1), 95-104. 4. Participation – Dave I agree with you that the publicity that BP received for committing one of the biggest blunders in the history of mankind is a disgrace. Unfortunately there is a rule in marketing that states that any kind of media coverage irrelevant if is good or bad provides a positive impact to the company in the long run in terms of free publicity. Another example of a company that gained a lot of free publicity for doing a bad act was Nike Corporation during the late 1990’s. The company was involved in a sweatshop scandal that was perceived by the general public as an abuse of power and a disgraceful act considering the prices the company charges for its tennis shoe models. 5. Participation – Article The article Marketing Wisdom for 2006: 110 Marketers & Agencies Share Real Life Tips was a very interesting piece of literature. The topic that I liked the most from the article was the website segment. In this section the author emphasized to trust your marketing instincts and not to be intimidated by technology. The opinion of a software engineer in regards to what should be included in the content of the website is not as important as the recommendation of the marketing department. Other technologies such as CRM system should be welcomed by marketing people

Qatar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Qatar - Research Paper Example Qatar experienced a troubled past with the country being at the centre of various territorial disputes in which neighboring countries attempted to claim Qatar as their own. Furthermore, Qatar was imposed upon and even ruled by foreign powers such as the Ottoman Empire and Britain. Qatar finally became fully independent on the 3rd of September 19712. Independence brought about a stabilizing factor in the country’s political, economical and social affairs. This allowed for Qatar to transform itself from a poor and corrupted state into an economically wealthy, politically stable and socially developing country. In the past, Qatar’s economy relied heavily on pearling and fishing; however, after the 1940s oil and gas reserves were discovered which helped develop the country’s economy. Qatar is now one of the richest states in the Gulf as it continues to provide the world with the scarce resources of oil and gas. Due to Qatar’s increasing international value, po werful nations such as Iran and the U.S.A have become interested in Qatar and now undertake extensive trade with the country. The assignment will focus on Qatar’s importance among the Gulf Cooperation Council’s [GCC] states and how Qatar’s present position impacts upon these states and the Arabian Peninsula as a whole. ... 2. EARLY HISTORY Qatar has a rich and vibrant account of ancient history, which displays the strategic importance of the area; as well as, what the land and people had to offer. Archaeological evidence suggests that Qatar has been inhabited since before the sixth millennium B.C., making it one of the fifteen states which formed the so-called cradle of humanity3. An ancient site was discovered at Shagra on the South-East of Qatar which displayed the importance of the sea to the land and its people for survival. Other findings of stone tools and pottery at Al-Khore, Bir Zekrit and Ras Abaruk reveal that Qatar was closely linked to the Al-Ubaid civilization which was dominant in the fifth and fourth millennium B.C. in the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates4. In the second and third millennium, during the Bronze Age, Qatar became a trade hub; for, it was en route from Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley settlements of India5. In the middle of the second Millennium B.c., Kassite of the Zagros Mountains obtained power over Babylon and then continued to spread its influence through the region of the gulf. Qatar and Babylon had strong ties during this time as revealed by the discovery of Kassite ceramics on a small Island on the bay of Al-Khore in the north of Doha6. During the Persian Sasanid Empire, the Arabian Gulf, in particular the ports of Qatar became a major hub for trade as it linked the East and the West. Copper, spices, sandalwood, teak, and black wood from the East were exchanged for shipments of purple dye, clothing, pearls, gold and silver; with Qatar providing the bulk of the purple dye and pearls for trade7. Up until the seventh century A.D. Qatar and the other

Professional Development for Elementary Teachers, Team Building for Essay

Professional Development for Elementary Teachers, Team Building for Elementary Teachers and Teachers as Mentors in Elementary Schools - Essay Example One might conclude that under these circumstances, it would be nearly impossible for students to succeed in a Baltimore City Public School. However, the question of how educators can enhance student performance (specifically student test scores and attendance) in public schools has been widely discussed and explored by educational practitioners. In fact, educational reformers have developed different strategies to enhance student performance in public city schools. Empowering teachers both inside and outside the classroom seems to be at the forefront as a key intervention for teachers in public elementary education today (Supovitz, p. 1591). Educational practitioners and researchers alike agreed that teachers can best empower themselves by engaging in different activities like professional development, team-building, mentoring. Such activities would not only empower teachers but they would also improve student performance. Education is a life long process, especially for those who are educators. In the field of education there are always new developments, and for a teacher it's important to be up to date on the knowledge concerning a subject, as well as the most effective teaching methods to ensure that students have the best chance possible to succeed in school. It's important that teachers continue their education to better serve incoming students' needs. Professional development is viewed as a vital part of being a teacher. The most prominent form of professional development is traditional one, but there is also a technology-enhanced one that is becoming more readily available. Team building process of teaching community is to improve the educational system. According to G. Maeroff (1993), 'the nucleus or team would assume ownership of new ideas and learn strategies for implementing them and for winning adherents among their colleagues in the school community' (p. 513). Researchers suggest that education might be improved by the formation of school teams of committed people who are prepared to take risks inside and outside their own classrooms. And Maeroff concludes that 'the greatest value of teams will be as vehicles for bringing improvements to teaching and learning' (p. 519). 'Existing' teachers mentoring other teachers is also an important point to take into consideration. This mentoring uses experienced master teachers who support and assist both novice and experienced teachers new to the district or a particular school. In team frame mentors should be team leaders, committed to professional growth, be confident and caring people. Only in this case it will bring the best results for both educators and students. The teaching environment should follow collaborative scheme, thus providing opportunities for discussion, reflection, and follow-up. Professional development for teachers in public elementary schools Elementary children learning is of strategic importance for both their future and that of the nation. Elementary teachers must be prepared with the knowledge, skills, values and techniques to interact successfully with children, parents, colleagues, administrators, and others who affect children's lives. They must adapt to the interests, learning styles and needs of individual children in a complex, rapidly changing and culturally diverse society.

Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: Case Study

Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: Case Study Diagnosis and Chiropractic Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: A Case Study Chief complaint A 37-year-old male patient presented himself at a local chiropractic clinic with a chief complaint of persistent low back pain that was radiating into his left buttock, all along the posterolateral aspect of his left thigh and calf, and to the lateral aspect of the foot. History of the patient illness The pain initiated 2 years ago. The patient reported a blunt trauma of his left buttock in a motorcycle accident 8 months before his symptoms were first noticed. The patient was presented with low back pain, radiating from sacrum and gluteal region to the lateral aspect of the foot, all along the posterolateral aspect of his left thigh and calf. The pain was occasionally accompanied by paresthaesia and burning sensation. When asked to rate his pain with a numeric rating scale (NRS), he noted his low back pain to be 3/10 at best and 7/10 at worst. Prolonged sitting and car driving aggravated his symptoms. And standing up and walking a few steps for a moment would make the pain partially relieved. The patient also noted that prolonged external rotation of the affected hip (sitting posture) made the symptoms more intense. He avoided sitting in a cross-leg posture due to the pain. The patient had a transient relief of his pain after treatment of physiotherapy. However, the pain came back after a few days. Other than the traumatic fall on his left hip in a motorcycle accident, the patient’s medical history was not remarkable. Relative family history, social and environment history Both of the patient’s parents were diagnosed with disc herniation of the lumbar spine in their 50s. The patient went to gym 4 times per week, doing cardiovascular and weight bearing training. And he used to play soccer once a week. However he had to stop playing since his low back pain and leg pain started to bother him. The patient was an attorney and his job required him to sit in front of his desk for more than 6 hours per day. He reported that he had to stand up and walk a few steps in the office every 30 minutes due to the pain. Relevant medications The patient’s symptoms were partially relieved by taking Panadols. He was not taking any other prescribed or non-prescribed medications. List of possible diagnoses from the patient history Lumbar disc herniation The patient was presented with symptoms and signs of radiculopathy including sensation disturbance of the lower limb, pain shooting to the foot, and pain worsened by sitting and relieved by walking. According to the dermatome, the nerve roots of L5, S1 or S2 were possibly affected. Considering that both of the patient’s parents are diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation, it should be on top of the differential diagnosis list, for recent studies have suggested that lumbar disc herniation may be attributed more to genetic factors than to environmental and constitutional risk factors. The patient’s occupation which kept him sitting for a prolonged time increases the chance of lumbar disc herniation. The history of blunt trauma could also be a factor of developing lumbar disc herniation. Sciatic nerve irritation of other origins The patient’s altered sensation on the lower extremity is in the distribution of sciatic nerve. Sciatica should be taken into consideration. However, the underlying cause of compression or irritation of sciatic nerve should be revealed with further examination and investigation. Piriformis syndrome Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon form of sciatica in which the sciatic nerve is compressed and irritated by piriformis muscle. It usually occurs in people who are middle-aged (mean age 38 years old). Robinson described 5 significant manifestations of piriformis syndrome in 1947, including: (1) history of trauma in the gluteal region; (2) pain in the sciatic nerve distribution; (3) symptoms relieved by traction and aggravated by sitting or stooping; (4) palpable tenderness or mass over piriformis muscle; (5) positive straight leg raise test. This patient was presented with the first 3 features of piriformis syndrome, whereas the 4th and 5th need further examination. Sacroiliac joint syndrome Sacroiliac joint syndrome is the dysfunction of sacroiliac joint that is attributed to either hypermobility or hypomobility, causing low back pain, buttock pain and sciatic lower limb pain. Lower abdomen, groin and medial thigh are occasionally affected as well. The symptoms of sacroiliac joint syndrome and sciatica are often similar. Hamstring syndrome Another possible differential diagnosis is hamstring syndrome. Hamstring syndrome is caused by entrapment of the proximal sciatic nerve by the hamstring tendons (1). It usually occurs associated with trauma such as hamstring tears or strain (2). However, in many cases, not significant history of trauma is noted (1, 2). Patients with hamstring syndrome present with lower gluteal pain and radiate down to posterior thigh and knee (2). The symptoms are similar to sciatica of other origins. Results of the neurological exams Observation, static palpation and range of motion Observation and static palpation are performed to look for any degree of antalgic posturing, any deviation from a normal spinal curve, pelvic position, and muscle spasm or bulks. Characteristic findings of each differential diagnosis are listed below. Lumbar disc herniation Possible hyper-lordosis of lumbar spine in an antalgic posture; Significant decrease in lumbar active and passive range of motion, especially in lumbar flexion and unilateral lateral flexion; Possible limited hip range of active motion due to muscle weakness; Possible palpable restricted lumbar vertebral segments; Hypertonic or tender lumbar muscles on static palpation, especially erector spinae (ES) muscles; Piriformis syndrome Possible limping or walking with the assistance with crutches due to pain and lower extremity muscle weakness; Possible hip external rotation on the affected side due to excessive piriformis muscle contraction, which is also known as â€Å"piriformis sign† (3); Significant decrease in hip active and passive range of motion, especially in hip internal rotation and adduction; Ipsilateral short leg (3); Tenderness at the sciatic notch on palpation; Possible hypertonic gluteal muscles (3); Sciatica Findings depend on the causes of sciatica such as lumbar disc herniation, piriformis syndrome and hamstring syndrome. Sacroiliac syndrome The posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS) on both sides are not at the same horizontal level; Possible redness and swelling at the affected sacroiliac joint; Possible leg length discrepancy; Significant decrease in sacroiliac joint mobility; Possible local tenderness on static palpation; Hamstring syndrome The pain is more localized, but possibly radiating; Tenderness of hamstring tendons or over ischial tuberosity on static in palpation; Significant decrease in hip active range of motion, especially in hip extension; On observation, static palpation and range of motion assessment, the patient was noticed for: Positive piriformis sign (hip external rotation) on the ipsilateral (left) side; A relatively shorter left leg compared with the right leg; Tenderness over contralateral (right) sacroiliac joint; A palpable â€Å"sausage-shaped† mass in the ipsilateral (left) gluteal region (3); Hypertonic left hamstrings; Tenderness over left sciatic notch on static palpation; Limited hip active and passive range of motion, especially internal rotation; Decrease in sacroiliac joint mobility; Other findings were not remarkable. The results of the assessment suggested that piriformis syndrome and sacroiliac syndrome were most possible diagnoses. Coordination and gait analysis Coordination and gait should be examined before other assessments are done, for this test provides us a big picture of the patient’s lower extremity function including motor function, joint integrity and coordination. Any gait dysfunction or antalgic gait should be recognized and further tests should be performed to look for the causes. No abnormal movement or disturbance of the patient’s gait was observed. He also reported a partial relief of symptoms when he was walking. The insignificant findings made lumbar disc herniation less likely, however, there was still a possibility. Sensory exam Sensory exams of peripheral nerves were performed to look for any sensation change on the symptomatic lower limb, which would lead to localization of the lesion. Assessments included fine touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. Decrease in two-point discrimination and light touch was noticed over the lateral aspect of the left leg and foot. Motor exam Lower extremity muscle strength was tested to identify which nerve roots were affected according to myotomes. On examination, no significant findings were noticed. deep tendon Reflex Abnormal deep tendon reflex may be seen in lesions of muscles, sensory neurons, lower/upper motor neurons, neuromuscular junction and mechanical factors such as joint disease. On examination, the patient’s Achilles reflexes were normal (+2) on both sides. An abnormal Achilles reflex suggests a tibial nerve lesion (S1-2). Neurodynamic assessment Straight leg raise The test is designed to look for any impingement of the dura and spinal cord or nerve roots of the lower lumbar spine, especially in sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1). The patient’s result was negative (70 °), suggesting less possible lumbar disc herniation. Bonnet’s test Bonnet’s test is a variant of straight leg raise and used to test for entrapment of sciatic nerve by piriformis muscle. The patient’s result was positive, indicating possible piriformis syndrome. Bowstring test Bowstring test is another variant of straight leg raise and used to test for entrapment of sciatic nerve by hamstrings. The patient’s result was negative, suggesting less possible hamstring syndrome. Orthopaedic examinations Valsalva maneuver Valsalva maneuver was done to look for any disc herniation causing radiculopathy. This would increase intrathecal pressure which may reproduce the patient’s symptoms. The patient’s result was negative, indicating less possible lumbar disc herniation. Lumbar compression-distraction test This test is also designed to look for disc herniation. When the compressive force is applied, it increases the intrathecal pressure and replicates symptoms if the patient has disc herniation. And the symptoms are relieved by distraction. The patient’s result was negative, suggesting it was less likely to be disc herniation. Gaenslen’s test Gaenslen’s test is to assess sacroiliac joint involvement. The patient’s result is negative. Yeoman’s test Yeoman’s test is designed to assess the integrity of the sacroiliac joint. The patient’s result is negative. Squat test Squat test is designed for quick screening of lower limb pathologies including joint disease, motor and sensory neuron lesions. The patient’s result was positive. Supported belt test Supported belt test helps to determine whether the pain is of lumbar origin or pelvic origin. The patient was noticed for having pain only without supported belt, suggesting his symptoms were caused by pelvic dysfunction. List of possible diagnoses from the neurological exam Piriformis syndrome Sacroiliac syndrome Further blood and radiological tests At this stage, no further imaging or other tests are needed, for the diagnosis can be made based on the patient’s history and results of neurological and orthopaedic examinations. It is recommended that the patient should be treated for piriformis syndrome at the start. A conservative treatment plan should be designed to reduce pain intensity, stretch hypertonic muscles and increase lumbar and sacroiliac joint mobility. However, if the patient does not respond to the treatment or the symptoms are worsened after the treatment, further investigations should be done. Considering a large extent of soft tissue and nerve involvement, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be the most effective imaging method. A lumbopelvic view should be taken. This does not only demonstrate possible hypertrophied piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve entrapment, but also helps to rule out other differential diagnoses such as lumbar disc herniation. Nevertheless, many studies failed to show consistence of radiographic abnormalities in piriformis syndrome. Therefore, no significant findings on MRI do not necessarily exclude piriformis syndrome. CT and ultrasound are also used to look for abnormality of piriformis muscle, but they are not as sensitive as MRI. EMG is an investigation to assess abnormal spontaneous activity of muscles which are innervated by sciatic nerve, thus differentiating sciatica and lumbosacral radiculopathy; however, EMG findings are often normal in piriformis syndrome. Local injection of anaesthetics or steroid can be applied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (4). This technique is widely used after initial evaluation. However, the specificity and efficacy is not well determined by clinical trials (4). A certain portion of patients with piriformis syndrome do not respond to piriformis muscle injection (5). Final diagnosis Based on the patient’s history, the results of neurologic and orthopaedic examinations, and likely radiographic findings, piriformis syndrome is the most likely diagnosis. Chiropractic management Conservative treatment is recommended at this stage, for 79% of patients with piriformis syndrome showed a significant improvement with use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, thermo-therapy and rest (fishman, osteopathic approach). The aim of the chiropractic treatment is to reduce the intensity of pain, relax piriformis muscle, increase the range of motion of the hip joint, and increase mobility of lumbar and sacroiliac joint. The tone and length of the left piriformis muscle and other affected muscles (hamstrings, other lateral rotators, gluteus muscles) should be assessed with chiropractic muscle test and static palpation. Any trigger point, tenderness, hypertonia are noted. Stretching exercise and muscle release are introduced first to help the patient relax the hypertonic piriformis muscle. The patient needs to receive the muscle release training daily for 2 weeks until the muscle tone is assessed again and any improvement of his symptoms is seen. Stretching of other affected hypertonic muscles is also required. The mobility of the patient’s lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint should be assessed with orthopaedic examinations and chiropractic motion palpation. Any restricted segment is adjusted with high-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA) spinal manipulation. Chiropractic adjustments help to relieve pain, increase joint mobility and re-establish biomechanical stability of the body. References 1.Saikku K. Entrapment of the proximal sciatic nerve by the hamstring tendons. Acta orthopaedica belgica. 2010 06;76(3):321-4. 2.Puranen J. The hamstring syndrome. A new diagnosis of gluteal sciatic pain. The American journal of sports medicine. 1988;16(5):517-21. 3.Boyajian-ONeill LA. Diagnosis and management of piriformis syndrome: an osteopathic approach. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2008 11;108(11):657-64. 4.Jankovic D. Brief review: Piriformis syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management Article de synthà ¨se court: Le syndrome du muscle piriforme – à ©tiologie, diagnostic et prise en charge. Canadian journal of anesthesia. 2013 10;60(10):1003-12. 5.Martin HD, Martin H. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal region. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. 2014 04;22(4):882-8.

megellanic clouds :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clouds are usually the last things astronomers want to see in the sky, but for those who observe in the southern hemisphere there is a notable exception to that celestial rule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are among the highlights of the southern night sky. Only within the last century were astronomers able to verify their true nature. Although they seem to be two foggy patches possibly torn from the Milky Way, astronomers believe these are actually small galaxies gravitationally bound to the Milky Way like moons around a giant planet. The two Clouds of Magellan are like binary stars that gravity draws together to form a satellite galaxy. Of all the galaxies in the entire Universe these are the closest to our galactic system. About 170,000 light-years away from the Milky Way galaxy lie the Large Magellanic Cloud. With only 15 billion young bright stars, it is just one-quarter the size of our own galaxy. During the winter of 1987, a Canadian astronomer, Ian Shelton, spotted the first naked eye supernova since 1604, the result of a massive explosion. No more exciting and scientifically significant event has occurred over the last decade in science than Supernova 1987A, as it is known. Photographs taken on the night of February 23, 1987, of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a companion galaxy to our own Galaxy, at Canada's southern hemisphere observatory at La Silla, Chile, and at the Siding Springs Observatory in Australia, revealed a 6th-magnitude object where only 12th-magnitude blue supergiant stars had been observed before. Scientists believe that the progenitor of Supernova 1987A is a typical blue supergiant of spectral type B3. Spectra taken in 1977 do not suggest anything unusual happening in the outer layers of the star prior to undergoing the supernova outburst. This is not surprising since the real changes were occurring deep inside in a relatively tiny portion of the star's radius. The Large Cloud is quite important because it is the location of this Supernova 1987A, the exploded star that for a time shone brightly but that is now dim and dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Farther away than the Large Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud is approximatly 200,000 light-years distant. It is roughly a third the size of the Large Cloud, consisting of only 5 billion older stars. The nebulas were named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinan Magellan, the first person to sail around the world.

Study On The Annals History Essay

The Viking colonists took up the Frankish imposts manner of life so wholly that within a few coevalss of their arrival little of their Viking heritage remained. One account for this is that the figure of colonists was few and that they were rapidly absorbed into the local population. Or possibly there was a brief violent coup d'etat, after which the Vikings adopted the imposts of their neighbors out of necessity and political force per unit area. Contemporary Latin beginnings called these colonists Northmanni but this described both the Vikings and, much later, the Normans. It was a general term used to depict the Scandinavians who had become active in northern Francia in the 9th and 10th centuries. But no differentiation was made in the 10th century between the Vikings of Neustria and the Vikings in other parts of the remainder of Francia and elsewhere.A The major job with bring outing the history of the early Viking colony of Neustria is the deficiency of beginnings from the early decennaries of the 10th century, when the colony was formalised. The Vikings recorded their history subsequently and the beginnings we do hold are written by the Franks. The ulterior Norman histories are debatable because of their involvement in buttressing and legalize the baby state.A The beginnings viewed the tenth-century as a violent clip. Frankish Godheads fought for political laterality and, on the peripheries of the Frankish land, smaller groups of peoples fought for domination against each other and against the Franks. In the ninth-century, nomadic Viking forces had frequently sailed up the Seine and besieged Paris, or merely despoiled countries inside Francia. A It is difficult to state where these war-bands wintered, though it becomes clear in the annals that the additions for Viking plunderers were so great that they began to winter in Francia alternatively of returning to Scandinavia. In the early portion of the tenth-century, the Neustrian or Breton March was still regarded as portion of the Frankish land by the Franks. The Viking foraies reached their tallness during a period of instability in the Frankish lands. An component of fortune had played a portion in leting the Frankish male monarchs to govern over an undivided land for many old ages, in malice of the usage of spliting lands every bit between boies on the decease of their male parent. Peppin the Short, Carloman his boy and Charlemagne his grandson ruled over an unbroken land. But on the decease of Charlemagne ‘s boy Louis the Pious in 840, Francia was at last split. There was a period of atomization, with Francia divided into three lands: West Francia, Lotharingia, and East Francia. Charles the Simple, King of West Francia ( subsequently to go France ) from 898 to 922, regained pre-eminence in the Frankish lands after this period of battle, though other cabals existed. It was this political insta bility that Viking leaders exploited as they fought and befriended their Frankish opposite numbers.How make the histories assist?Historians who attempt to retrace the early history of Normandy face a figure of jobs. The beginnings are few and, worse still, their truth is frequently to be doubted. Palgrave warned that â€Å" if you accept the undertaking you must accept Dudo or allow the work entirely. † Today, the history of Dudo of St Quentin is viewed with so much intuition by historiographers that, even where his history runs with other modern-day authors, he is still distrusted. But without Dudo we have small grounds. The Frankish historian Flodoard of Reims[ 1 ]provides some information about Normandy in the first half of the ninth-century, there are a few mentions to early Normandy in Norse beginnings and even a late Welsh beginning. Later Norman beginnings for this period do be, but many of these are based on Dudo ‘s history, so must be treated with cautiousness. With such a deficiency of literary stuff, historiographers are left with the consequences of research from archeology and analysis of place-name. The reading of archeological grounds is hard and the decisions that can be drawn from it can be even more obscure than literary beginnings. The historiographer ‘s undertaking in chronicling early Norman history is therefore a hard one, and the decisions reached are, by necessity, limited in nature. Dudo of St Quentin was born c. 960 in Vermandois. He wrote De moribus et actis primorum Normanni? ducum ( The Deeds of the Early Dukes of Normandy ) from approximately 996 to the clip he became Dean of St Quentin in 1015. The earlier history, including some extremely questionable and fictional inside informations, was based on Virgil ‘s Aeneid and Jordanes ‘ Getica. His chief source for the inside informations of his history was Count Rodulf of Ivry. Commissioned originally by Duke Richard I, the history ended with the decease of Richard in 996. Dudo appears to cognize a great trade about Rollo, and he is the lone beginning for the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, where Charles the Simple granted Rollo the lands around Rouen in 911. Rollo is baptised and, in return, receives the grant of land. The bishops said to Rollo, who was unwilling to snog King Charles ‘s pes: â€Å" You who receive such a gift ought to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. † And he said: â€Å" I shall ne'er flex my articulatio genuss to another, nor shall I kiss anyone ‘s pes. † Compelled, nevertheless, by the supplications of the Franks, he ordered one of his soldiers to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. The adult male instantly seized the male monarch ‘s pes, put it to his oral cavity and kissed it while the male monarch was still standing. The male monarch fell level on his dorsum. This raised a great laugh and greatly stirred up the crowd. â€Å" A A great narrative, but about surely a fable. Dudo was the official chronicler of the Rollonid dynasty, and he portrays Rollo as the leader of the Vikings in many runs and conflicts, possibly excessively many for historiographers to believe it. The facts of Rollo ‘s early old ages as leader of the early Normans a re hence lost in the semblance of ulterior myths. Nonetheless, some of the indispensable inside informations in Dudo ‘s narrative have some cogency. Though Dudo is the lone beginning who dates the understanding between Rollo and Charles at 911, this does look to be a extremely plausible day of the month for the understanding. It is ill-defined when Viking plunderers began to settle in the coastal country, but there is some grounds from the few paperss that survive from this period. A Carolingian charter of 905 records Charles the Simple ‘s grant of two helot of the Crown from the pagus of Rouen to his Chancellor of the Exchequer Ernestus. This was the last royal charter in Normandy.A Three months subsequently, some thought of the convulsion in the part can be concluded from a charter of 906 that records the transportation of relics from Saint-Marcouf ( now in Manche, Basse-Normandie ) to Corbeny â€Å" because of the inordinate and drawn-out onslaughts of the heathens. â€Å" A A In 918, Charles the Simple granted the lands of the old abbey of La Croix-Saint-Leufroi to the abbey of Saint-Germanin-des-PresA â€Å" except that portion of the abbey ‘s lands that we have granted to the Normans of the Seine, viz. to Rollo and his followings, for the defense mechanism of the land. † A The p act entering this land grant to Rollo no longer exists, but it is clear that between the day of the months of these two royal announcements, Rollo and his followings had established themselves. The decisive event may hold been a conflict at Chartres in 911. Later Norman tradition tends to hold with this and places Rollo at the Centre of events, though some historiographers question this. One reading of the beginnings is that as a consequence of this conflict, the Vikings were appeased with a grant of land in order to incorporate and command them. Flodoard of Reims tells us that the Vikings had been granted the lands around Rouen â€Å" had some clip ago been given to the Northmen on history of the pledges of Charles who had promised them the comprehensiveness of the state. † Flodoard ‘s history is of import because it appears to give a modern-day position of the period. He was a canon of Reims, and wrote his annals from c. 925 until his decease in 966. The lone job is that he was some distance from Normandy, and the history of Normandy was non his chief concern. It is clear from his history that the Vikings and the Franks were in changeless battle. In 925, Flodoard records that â€Å" the Normans of Rouen broke the pact which they had one time made and devastated the territories [ pagi ] of Beauvais and Amiens. Those citizens of Amiens who were flying were burned by a fire for which they were ill-prepared. † The Franks responded by looting Rouen: â€Å" they set fire to manors, stole cowss and even killed some of the Normans. † Count Herbert led another force against the Vikings towards the E, and surrounded them in a cantonment on the coast.A A â€Å" It was this really same cantonment, situated on the seashore and called Eu that the Franks surrounded. They broke through the bulwark by which the cantonment was surrounded in forepart of its walls and weakening the wall, climbed all. Once they had won ownership of the town by contending, they so slaughtered all the males and put fire to its munitions. Some, nevertheless, escaped and took ownership of a certain neighbouring island. But the Franks attacked and captured it, although with a greater hold than when they had seized the town. After the Normans, who had been continuing their lives by contending as best they could, had seen what had happened and had let steal any hope of endurance, some plunged themselves into the moving ridges, some cut their pharynxs and some were killed by Frankish blades, while others died by their ain arms. And in this manner, one time everyone had been destroyed and an hideous sum of loot had been pillaged, the Franks returned to their district. † This graphic description gives historians a sense of the force of the age. The Vikings were marauding all across the northern coastal parts of Francia, though Neustria does look to be the chief country of their colony. However, they were surely non confined to this country, or prepared to accept its boundaries. In 937, Flodoard tells us, â€Å" The Bretons retreated to their fatherland after their long peregrinations fought in frequent conflicts with the Normans, who had invaded the district which had belonged to them, next to their ain. They ended up the stronger in many of these conflicts and reclaimed their ain district. â€Å" A Rollo is mentioned in 925 as princeps ( leader ) of the Northmen at Rouen. Although non mentioned at the clip, grounds from the 918 charter strongly suggests that the Norman chroniclers are right in stating that Rollo led the ground forces from the start. However, Dudo ‘s mention to the Treaty of St Clair-sur-Epte is unsubstantiated and should be dismissed as undependable. Dudo was besides misdirecting when depicting the footings of the colony. The granting of â€Å" the land from the river Epte † runs with the other beginnings, but the granting of Brittany does non. Neither does the scene of the arrant wilderness clasp true: if the land granted by Charles to the Vikings was â€Å" uncultivated by the plowshare, wholly deprived of herds of cowss and flocks of sheep and lacking in human life † , so why do Norse place-names merely form a minority of all place-names throughout Normandy? Entertaining though Dudo ‘s narrative may be, his history, and those of his followings and impersonators, can non be trusted for the early history of Normandy and historiographers must vacate themselves to set uping a few bare facts in the thick of ulterior deformations. The extension of Normandy ‘s boundary lines can be seen in Flodoard ‘s history. A King Ralph conceded Bayeux and Maine [ Cinomannis et Baiocae ] in 925 harmonizing to Flodoard, though there are uncertainties about the grant of Maine. Later in 933, the Normans were given Avranchin and Cotentin. Excluding Maine, this established Normandy in the approximative signifier that it existed in 1066. A The Cotentin peninsula was besides settled by Vikings independently of the Vikings under Rollo at Rouen. These early old ages were violent times. The Normans were invariably warring, contending with the Franks in 923, but chiefly concerned with spread outing their ain domain of influence. The people of Bayeux revolted against Viking regulation in 925, a twelvemonth after they had been transferred to the control of the counts of Rouen. Dudo recalls a rebellion against William Longsword by a certain Riulf: â€Å" ferociously filled with ill-famed perfidiousness † . Against all the emphasiss and the strains, against internal rebellion and external menaces, Normandy had secured its place by the center of the tenth-century and, though its security was threatened many times, the Norman district was strongly governed and able to throw off its enemies. This might possibly take us to see the pacts between the Franks and the Vikings as more important than they were at the clip. All the grounds suggests that the boundaries were comparatively unstable. Agreements were made, and Vikings baptised, but these baptisms frequently proved impermanent personal businesss. In the 920s, the archbishops of Rouen and Reims both wrote letters on the topic of Vikings who remained heathen despite holding converted. Herveus of Reims asked the Pope: â€Å" What should be done when they have been baptised and re-baptised, and after their baptism continue to populate in heathen manner, and in the mode of heathens kill Christians, slaughter priests, and, offering forfeits t o graven images, eat what has been offered? † There is small grounds for the widespread debut of Norse establishments or life style. Although in 1013 Duke Richard II welcomed a group of Vikings at Rouen, excessively much should non be read into this. The leaders, Richard and Olaf, may hold felt some commonalty, but this can non be discovered. Merely as Frankish Lords and male monarchs had welcomed Vikings and baptised them as Christians, in the hope of change overing them into a friend and non doing them an enemy, so Richard did with Olaf and his Vikings. Olaf had ravaged Brittany, but had allowed himself to be converted by Richard. The Normans were truly now more Franks than Scandinavians. Dudo claims that at the clip of William Longsword, Scandinavian address was disused at Rouen, and it is so likely that the native lingua was shortly adopted. On the Eve of the first Crusade, the Norman knight Bohemond was able to inquire, rhetorically, â€Å" Are we non Franks? †How does archeological and place-name grounds aid?The lan d divisions in Normandy appear to hold remained unchanged from the Frankish to the Norman eras. Jacques Le Maho ‘s survey of the Pays de Caux shows a continuity of seigneurial abodes, and it has been argued that there was greater continuity in this part than in other parts of Francia. The Vikings did convey bondage with them, but this did non last beyond the first century of business. The Normans seems to hold been extremely integrated with the Franks. One piece of grounds for this is the Fecamp coin host, including some coins struck at batchs in Cologne, Arles and Pavia. In Scandinavia, Norman coins discontinue to look in hosts after the early 11th century, looking alternatively in Francia and Italy. This suggests a continuance of merchandising links with Scandinavia for a piece, but with a steadily increasing Norman accent on contacts with the continent. Frankish justness was adopted ; the Norse thing did non go established. The survey of place-names provides an penetration into early Normano-Viking colony. The comprehensive survey undertaken by Jean Adigard des Gautrie tells the narrative of the Viking inflow. Taking all place-names with a possible or definite Norse influence, it can be seen that these are particularly legion in the Cotentin peninsula and along the seashore, with another big bunch in the Pays de Caux. They were besides legion â€Å" all along the great invasion path that was the Seine † and down the other rivers as good: grounds of the Vikings transporting on their raiding, going by ship across sea and along rivers. It seems rather likely that when Rollo had his territorial claims to Neustrian March recognised, he based his disposal around a coastal group of colonies already in being due to the activities of other Vikings over a figure of old ages. However, Norse place-names ne'er formed a local bulk over preexistent Frankish names, even in the countries of highest Norse place-name denseness. One account for this is the fleet acceptance of the local lingua by the Normans. Frank Stentonhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ftn10 made a good point when he compared place-names in Normandy and the English Danelaw. He pointed out that place-names with Viking personal name elements besides had Norse postfixs, for illustration Grimsby: the Viking personal name Grim and the postfix -by, the Norse word for small town. He compared this to Normandy, where place-names that have Viking personal names really frequently have native terminations, for illustration, A Gremonville, the stoping of which comes from the Latin Villa. The former indicates a big colony of Vikings, who named topographic points in their ain lingua. The latter might merely demo that while the Viking incomers founded and took over topographic points, it was the local population who really named these topographic points. This could be an indicant of the extent of the Viking colony in N ormandy. Archaeological grounds can state us small about early colony. Patrick Perik, analyzing the grounds found around the lower Seine, admits that the â€Å" archeological certification is singularly thin. † There is grounds for Norse presence: Viking blades and axes have been found, although Perin points out that despite two discoveries in the land that were likely buried as portion of a funeral, the weaponries found were all in the river. While this shows that Vikings were present here, it is non clear whether the discoveries are chiefly from colonies or chiefly from marauding hosts before the colony epoch. This grounds adds little to our cognition. It is clear that Northmen were present in Normandy for a long clip, but the archeology is scarce and can non be pinpointed in clip to give a clearer image of the early old ages of the Viking colony. The deficiency of discoveries does non problem David Bates unduly, though. â€Å" If an extended colonization can be argued for in Englan d despite the absence of important archeological discoveries, so the same decision seems executable for Normandy. † The deficiency of Viking discoveries does non automatically dismiss a ample Viking colony, but if this was the instance so the colonists really rapidly adopted Frankish imposts. Whatever the size of the colony, there is another argument on the velocity of integrating. â€Å" Whichever manner we turn † , writes Ralph Davies, â€Å" we have to acknowledge that the Viking society of Rollo and his comrades was something rather different from the Norman society of the 11th century. The one developed from the other, but the development was non effectual until the two races had merged and the Northmen had, for all practical intents, become Frenchmen. † The degree of integrating is hard to state, and David Bates and Eleanor Searle keep different positions on this. Bates believes that the Viking incomers rapidly became integrated into the native society, so that they had shortly adopted Frankish manners and establishments. Searle ‘s place is that they remained self-consciously Viking until the mid-eleventh century. The grounds for this period is patchy and frequently inconclusive. The early history of Normandy can be told magisterially merely in really au naturel and apparent footings. Tempting though it is to utilize more expansive and colorful Norman paperss, these tell us more about the demands of the developing Norman province than about its early history. For the period he records, 923-966, Flodoard of Reims seems to be a dependable beginning, though his chief focal point is non Normandy. As for the Norse impact on Normandy, there does non look to hold been an overpowering turbulence. Norse linguas appear non to hold been spoken more than three coevalss after the colony. Administrative territories were kept integral, estates seem to hold survived, and on the whole the Normans ruled through Frankish-style establishments. But Michel de Bouardhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ ftn14 warns against the simple premise of continuity merely because of a deficiency of institutional alteration. He talks of the â€Å" energy, the effectivity of ducal power in Normandy † and warns that we should ne'er bury the â€Å" human factor † in all this. Surely, Normandy grew as a power once the Vikings had taken control. There is grounds here for both continuity and discontinuity. Since the beginnings tell us so small, it is a argument that will be difficult to decide.